Screening extracts of seven edible mushrooms for reduction of regeneration time in the Planarian Dugesia hymanae

Objective@#This study aimed to determine the effect of seven edible mushrooms in the regeneration rate of planarian Dugesia hymanae (D. hymanae). @*Methods@#The ability of D. hymanae to regenerate was used to test extracts of seven mushrooms to reduce regeneration time, using eyespot and tail formations as endpoints. The planarians were amputated and were allowed to heal and regenerate in planarian water (control) and varying concentrations of Crude Ethanolic Extracts (CEE) of the seven edible mushrooms. The CEE with the most significant effect in reducing the regeneration time will be further sub-fractionated into hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol solvent extracts. @*Results@#In untreated planarian water, amputated planarians' eyespot and tail formations took 4.65 (SD 0.34) and 4.1 (SD 0.21) days, respectively. The CEE of four mushrooms (Shiitake var Benguet, Tea tree, Shiitake var flower, and Black & White) significantly reduced the regeneration time, with Shiitake var Benguet extract reducing the regeneration time the most at 2.56 (SD 0.30) days and 2.61 (SD 0.22) days for both eyespot and tail formations (P<.0001) respectively. The solvent extracts of the Shiitake (Benguet variety) did not reduce the planarian regeneration time relative to the control (P>.05). @*Conclusion@#Lentinula edodes (L. edodes) [Benguet variety CEE] had reduced the regeneration time most significantly for both the eyespot and tail formations compared to the other six tested fungi extracts. The L. edodes (Benguet variety) CEE may contain compounds that can hasten the regeneration of the planarian D. hymanae.

Efecto de Plukenetia volubilis (Sacha Inchi), Smallanthus sonchifolius (Yacón) y Aloe vera en el proceso regenerativo de Dugesia sp / Effect of Plukenetia volubilis (Sacha Inchi), Smallanthus sonchifolius (Yacon) and Aloe vera in the regenerative process of Dugesia sp

El presente Trabajo de Investigación comprobó el efecto de productos del mercado local a los que se les ha referido innumerables propiedades de regeneración y cicatrización, en planarias, animales con increíble capacidad regenerativa, un aspecto pobremente entendido en la biología. Las planarias se han establecido como un invaluable modelo para la investigación sobre patrones corporales, regeneración de tejidos y biología de células madre. Además usando técnicas de separación proteica se respaldan los resultados en términos de la proteína Wnt, importante protagonista de las vías de señalización envueltas en la proliferación celular. Para el desarrollo del experimento se capturaron planarias, Dugesia sp., del distrito de Sabandía de la ciudad de Arequipa, Perú, posterior a un proceso de aclimatación los individuos fueron decapitados y luego distribuidos en distintas placas Petri con diluciones al de 1%, 2.5%, 5% y 10% de Plukenetia volubilis (Sacha Inchi), Smallanthus sonchifolius (Yacón) y Aloe vera. Fueron sometidas a dos experimentos: En primer lugar una electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida con dodecilsulfato sódico (SDS-PAGE) realizado después de 5, 8 y 12 horas de la injuria. Y en segundo lugar se contabilizó las horas que tardó en completarse el proceso regenerativo.Con los datos de la electroforesis y el número de horas que tardaron las planarias en regenerar se encontró que el tratamiento con extracto de Aloe vera en una dilución del 10% tarda menos horas en regenerar (120 horas) y generó la banda con mayor contraste. Por otro lado el tratamiento con mayor número de horas (168 horas), corresponde al extracto de Smallathus sonchifolius, lo que se tradujo también en la banda con menor contraste en el gel SDS-PAGE. Por lo que se concluyó, que la presencia de los extractos estudiados ante individuos de Dugesia sp. reducen el tiempo del proceso regenerativo.

Planarians: an In Vivo Model for Regenerative Medicine

The emergence of regenerative medicine has raised the hope of treating an extraordinary range of disease and serious injuries. Understanding the processes of cell proliferation, differentiation and pattern formation in regenerative organisms could help find ways to enhance the poor regenerative abilities shown by many other animals, including humans. Recently, planarians have emerged as an attractive model in which to study regeneration. These animals are considering as in vivo plate, during which we can study the behavior and characristics of stem cells in their own niche. A variety of characteristic such as: simplicity, easy to manipulate experimentally, the existence of more than 100 years of literature, makes these animals an extraordinary model for regenerative medicine researches. Among planarians free-living freshwater hermaphrodite Schmidtea mediterranea has emerged as a suitable model system because it displays robust regenerative properties and, unlike most other planarians, it is a stable diploid with a genome size of about 4.8x108 base pairs, nearly half that of other common planarians. Planarian regeneration involves two highly flexible systems: pluripotent neoblasts that can generate any new cell type and muscle cells that provide positional instructions for the regeneration of anybody region. neoblasts represent roughly 25~30 percent of all planarian cells and are scattered broadly through the parenchyma, being absent only from the animal head tips and the pharynx. Two models for neo-blast specification have been proposed; the naive model posits that all neoblasts are stem cells with the same potential and are a largely homogeneous population.

Effects of benzodiazepine and ivermectin on Girardiatigrina (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) / Efeitos de benzodiazepínico e ivermectina em Girardia tigrina (Platyhelminthes: turbellaria)

Four hundred specimens of Girardia (=Dugesia) tigrina separated in groups of 5 were subjected to concentrations of 10, 25 and 50 ppm diazepam (DZP) and 1, 5 and 10 ppm of ivermectin (IVM), substances with actions associated with ionophore chlorine and GABA receptors in neuromuscular endings in various animals. The period of turbellarians exposure at different concentrations used was 3 h, for DZP while those to IVM were 30, 60, 120 minutes, 12 and 24 h for each tested concentration. In groups exposed to DZP hyperkinetic and type "C" and screw like movements were observed in all concentrations. However, at concentrations of 50 and 25 ppm, the pharynx was protruded in 100% of the specimens followed by detachment at concentration of 50 ppm and 60% at a concentration of 25 ppm. Mortality reached 100% 24 hours after exposure to a concentration of 50 ppm and 30% of planarians became degenerated at a concentration of 25 ppm. Planarians submitted to concentrations of 10 and 25 ppm remained alive and without hyperkinetic movements 48 hours after exposure. In IVM exposed groups, hyperkinetic and contractile movements were observed as well as type "C" screw like movements in all tested concentrations and time dependent. The group exposed for 24 hours showed a time dependent variation in mortality from 0 to 100%. The turbellarians were alive for 48 hours in 1 ppm during 12 hours of exposure but with 24 hours of exposure the mortality reaches 20%. The data indicate a time and concentration dependent relationship in the mode of action of these drugs.

Quatrocentos exemplares de Girardia (=Dugesia) tigrina separados em grupos de 5 foram submetidos a concentrações de 10, 25 e 50ppm de diazepam (DZP) e 1, 5 e 10ppm de ivermectina (IVM), substâncias com ações associadas ao ionóforo cloro e receptores GABA em terminações neuromusculares em vários animais. O tempo de exposição dos turbelários às diferentes concentrações utilizadas de DZP foi de 3 horas, enquanto para cada concentração de IVM os exemplares permaneceram expostos durante 30, 60, 120 minutos, 12 e 24 horas. Nos grupos expostos ao DZP foram verificados movimentos hipercinéticos tipo parafuso e tipo "C" e exposição da faringe ao exterior em todas as concentrações. Houve perda da faringe em 90% dos espécimes na concentração de 50ppm e 60% em 25ppm. Foi verificado também 100% de mortalidade após 24 horas em concentração de 50ppm e 30% de degeneração dos platyhelminthes na concentração de 25ppm. No exame realizado 48 horas após a exposição, as planárias submetidas às concentrações de 25 e 10 ppm permaneceram vivas e não mais apresentaram movimentos hipercinéticos. Nos grupos expostos à IVM, foram observados movimentos contráteis e movimentos hipercinéticos tipo parafuso e tipo "C" em todas as concentrações e foi dependente do tempo de exposição. O percentual de mortalidade variou de 0 a 100 nas primeiras 24 horas de observação também dependente do tempo de exposição. Em concentração de 1 ppm e até 12 horas de exposição não foi observada mortalidade dos animais até 48 horas após. Entretanto com 24 horas de exposição e exame 24 horas após a mortalidade chega a 20% dos exemplares persistindo até o final do período de observação. Os dados indicam uma relação dependente da concentração e do tempo no modo de ação destas substâncias.

Molecular actions guiding neural regeneration in planarian / 神经科学通报·英文版

Planarian is among the simplest animals that possess a centralized nervous system (CNS), and its neural regeneration involves the replacement of cells lost to normal 'wear and tear' (cell turnover), and/or injury. In this review, we state and discuss the recent studies on molecular control of neural regeneration in planarians. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of genes in intact and regenerating planarian CNS have already been described relatively clearly. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt signaling pathways are identified to regulate neural regeneration. During neural regeneration, conserved axon guidance mechanisms are necessary for proper wiring of the nervous system. In addition, apoptosis may play an important role in controlling cell numbers, eliminating unnecessary tissues or cells and remodeling the old tissues for regenerating CNS. The bilateral symmetry is established by determination of anterior-posterior (A-P) and dorsal-ventral (D-V) patterns. Moreover, neurons positive to dopamine, serotonin (5-HT), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been detected in planarians. Therefore, planarians present us with new, experimentally accessible contexts to study the molecular actions guiding neural regeneration.

Morphometry of the eyes in regenerant of genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria, Dugesiidae)

A técnica de fotodocumentação foi utilizada para observar semanalmente os olhos de regenerantes de três espécies de Dugesia até o final do processo regenerativo. Os dados morfométricos analisados foram baseados na mensuração de 96 exemplares das espécies: Dugesia tigrina, D. schubarti e D. anderlani. Uma análise comparativa foi realizada por meio de representação gráfica de parâmetros estatísticos dos seguintes caracteres morfométricos: comprimento dos eixos transversal e longitudinal da mácula alba, cálice do pigmento e abertura ocular. D. schubarti apresenta um aspecto interessante: a média da abertura ocular na fase do processo regenerativo é maior do que nos exemplares originais.

Impact of CdCl2 on biochemical changes in planaria, Dugesia bengalensis Kawakatsu.

Cadmium induces different anomalous behavioral changes with dose and time dependent mortality and change in the macromolecular patterns of D. bengalensis. Bio-accumulation of heavy metal in planarians could be used to detect the level of water pollution.

A new species of terrestrial planarian (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Terricola) from South Brazil

Geoplana josefi sp. nov. of South Brazil is described herein. The species shows etary polymorphism. Neither youngs nor adults show the characteristic colour pattern of the mature worms. The species has a multilayered lining in the female atrium. The allopatric G. trigueira, which does not have such a lining, is similar externally and internally with adults of G. josefi, its seminal vesicle, however, being unpaired

Circular form of regeneration in an unidentified species of land planarians, Bipalium sp.

The communication describes an interesting and possibly novel finding regarding a species of land planarians (Bipalium sp.) from a high altitude of Himalayan range. The regeneration in Bipalium sp. is highly interesting and the process takes about a fortnight for the completion. Accumulation of numerous basophilic cells in parenchyma at the blastema region occurs within 5 days after excision and in 7 to 9 days the head and tail regions become reorganized with the formation of functional pharynx in the tail piece. The neoblast cells in the mesenchyme and the gastrodermis cells proliferate continuously replenishing the population of stem cell for growth, reproduction, and regeneration. Many undifferentiated cells are present even in completely regenerated specimens. Sometimes middle piece regenerates apparently fuse at the blastema surface forming a peculiar circular form of Bipalium sp. where both the head and tail cut ends join completely. These regenerated individuals excepting the middle piece regenerate behave in a normal fashion within 12-14 days.

Aedes, Dengue y la posibilidad de un enfoque diferente de lucha / Aedes, dengue and the possibility of an approach different from fight

El dengue es una virosis transmitida por mosquitos del género Aedes, y es un problema de importancia mundial en salud pública. Su incidencia ha aumentado con el paso de los años debido a los avances en el transporte y a las bajas condiciones socioeconómicas en las áreas afectadas. Ni el control tradicional, a base de insecticidas contra mosquitos adultos, ni la aplicación de larvicidas a las aguas de los criaderos han dado resultados aceptables. Como medidas de control alternativas, adjuntas a la fumigación, señalamos el control biológico y el fomento de la participación comunitaria, con las que se ha logrado recientemente la erradicación de mosquito vector en una comunidad de Vietnam. Se busca que las comunidades participen activamente en el control del vector, y que usen enemigos naturales de larvas de Aedes, incluyendo B. thuringiensis, B. sphaericus, copépodos, planadas, nemátodos y peces de agua dulce

Influence of learning trials on memory retention of planaria: dugesia tigrina

The following research was conducted to determine: [1] the influence of learning trials on memory retention of planaria: dugesia tigrina, and [2] the extent of retention after a 2 day time period. Results indicated that learning trials do influence memory retention in planaria, and that the extent of retention is associated with the amount of prior training before the retesting

Envio de girardia(=dugesia)tigrina (turbellaria, tricladida) para uso como agentes de controle de mosquitos em programas educativos / Chipment of girardia(=dugesia)tigrina (turbellaria, tricladida) to use as mosquito control agent in educational programs

Desde o começo do século, vários estudos têm demonstrado o alto potencial de predaçäo de planárias contra larvas de mosquitos. O potencial de uma linhagem de GIRARDIA TIGRINA no controle de larvas de AEDES ALBOPICTUS e CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS tem sido estudado na Unicamp sob condiçöes de campo e laboratório. Com o propósito de utilizar planárias em programas educativos sobre a dengue e a importância do controle dos mosquitos vetores, foi avaliado o armazenamento e envio de lotes de G. TIGRINA a longas distâncias, pelo correio. As planárias foram acondicionadas aos pares em pequenos frascos e despachadas em caixa de papeläo via SEDEX (aéreo) ou correio de superfície entre Campinas-SP e Säo Leopoldo-RS, ida e volta (2.600Km). Nos dois destinatários a sobrevivência e a quantidade de planárias bipartidas ou regenerantes.

Reproduçäo, alimentaçäo e reatividade em planárias sob diferentes condiçöes de manutençäo / Reproduction, eating and reaction to food under different maintenance conditions

Analisa alguns efeitos de três diferentes condiçöes de manutençäo de plenárias em laboratório. Uma das condiçöes era mais estável, padronizada e pobre em possibilidades de estimulaçäo do que a outra. Na terceira condiçäo, as possibilidades de estimulaçäo eram enriquecidas semana a semana. Observa os grupos de plenárias mantidos em cada uma das três condiçöes durante 35 dias e compara-os entre si quanto ao comprimento dos animais, à ovoposiçäo e ao modo como as planárias reagem ao alimento. Considera implicaçöes contidas em cada uma das formas de manutençäo estudadas, na tentativa de compreender as similaridades e as diferenças entre os grupos

Labelling of the platyhelminth Dusegia tigrina with 99mTechnetium

The study of the labelling of planaria with 99mTc shows that the incorporation of radioactivity in this platyhelminth increases with an increase sin SnCl2 concentration from 0.13 to 1.3 micronM, reaching a plateau in the range of 1.3-130 micronM then decreasing with 1300 microng. At concentrations of 1.3 and 13 microngM SnCl2, a stronger binding of 99mTc was obtained. The biological viability of the labelled planaria was not altered when the described methodology was used. The advantage of this new labelling technique is that it is possible to obtain a platyhelminth preparation labelled with a radionuclide that is very cheap, is easily available and is a gamma emitter with a photon energy of 140 KeV

On the ultrastructure of the epidermis of dugesia anceps Kenk

La epidemis de Dugesia anceps (Kenk), una especie de Planariidae, familia de la cual existen pocos estudios comparativos sobre la ultraestructura de la epidermis tiene una sola capa constituída principalmente por células epiteliales altamente prolarizadas, con un polo apical y otro basal, de unos 10 micronm de altura. Estas células presentan una gruesa membrana basal. En la superficie apical de als células maduras hay microvellosidades y cilias, cuyas raíces se internan en el citoplasma y presentan estriaciones transversales da aproximadamente 70 nm de período. El contenido relativo de organelas inclusiones disminuye del extremo apical al basal. Los rabdites se encuentran a menudo en posición paralela al eje de la célula. En el citoplasma apical se encuentran numerosas vesículas regulares de entre 70 nm a 290 nm de diámetro. Las mitocondrias son abundantes y algunas veces se encuentran alineadas y en posición perpendicular a la superficie libre. Los núcleos están situados en la región basal de la célula y tienen una superficie lisa. El extremo basal de la célula también es liso y carece de pies citoplasmáticos; estas tres últimas características diferencian a D. anceps de D. Japonica, extrensamente descripta por Hori (1978, 1979, 1983b, 1985). Entre las células epiteliales se encuentran células glandulares periformes y células sensoriales alargadas, así como también células parenquimáticas formadoras de rabdites, atravesando la membrana basal